ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžื™ื



ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืœื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”

ืืžืงื•ืจื˜ืง ืžืชืงื™ื ื” ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืœื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžืคืขืœื™ื, ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ื›ืžืŸ-ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืฃ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ื•ื”ื™ืฆืจื ื™.             

ืขื ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืชื ื•, ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืช ื”ืœืงื•ื— ืื• ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื•ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื. ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื™-ื˜ืง ืขื ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ื™ ืกืคื˜ืจื™ื ื’ TINOX, ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืกืžืช ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœื ื–ืงื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืกื’ืจืช ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ืื• ืคื— ื“ืงื•ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื‘ื•ืข ืžืจืืฉ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ืช ืžืœื—, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื™ื ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื ืขืฉื” ืข"ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืืžื™ืŸ, ืžื”ื™ืจ, ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™, ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืฆืžื•ื“ ืข"ื™ ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืชืงื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืชื• ืชืงืŸ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ื‘ืชืงื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื: ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™, ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™, ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”.

ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ื, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกื—ืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืœืกืคืง ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื›ืกื™ืžืœื™ืช.

ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืืœื•


ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืฉืื‘ืช ื—ื•ื

ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื˜ื™ืคืกื• ื•ื”ื›ืคื™ืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื, ื”ื’ื– ืžืชื™ื™ืงืจ ื•ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืœืจ ื”ืžื–ื ืงื•ืช ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขืกืงื™ืช, ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืืœื ืœื ื”ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืงื™ืฃ, ืžืขืžื™ืง ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืœื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช. ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืžืงื•ืจื˜ืง ืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื™ื“ืข ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฆื‘ืจื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ืื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 2005 ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืœื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืœื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.

ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืขื ืžื›ืœื™ ืื’ื™ืจื” ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ื ื”ืžื ืฆืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ ืžืชืงื“ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžื™ื. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกืคืง ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืœื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช, ืœืฆื“ ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืคืขื•ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื—ืชื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉืื‘ืช ื—ื•ื ืžืกืคืงืช 4 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืจืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ ื‘ื”ืกื‘ื” ืžืกื•ืœืจ ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืื‘ืช ื—ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื“ื™ 85% ื•ืขื“ 75% ืžื”ืกื‘ื” ืžื’ื–.

ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช ื•ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžื™ื

ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืชืงื ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ

ืื›ืกื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืจื—ื” ืขื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืœืจื’ืœื™ ืžืฆื•ืงื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืจื™ ืžื•ืื‘. ื”ืื›ืกื ื™ื” ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื ืง, ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžื™ื ืœืื•ืจื—ื™ื”ื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ืžืคืชื™ืข ืœื“ืขืช, ื›ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ืžืœื•ืŸ ื•ืื›ืกื ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžืžื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืกื•ืœืจ ืื• ื’ื–. ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžื™ื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžื‘ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš    ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื‘ื ื” ืงื™ื™ื. ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช ืขื ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ื ืœื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื”  ื‘ื›- 400 ืืœืฃ ืฉืงืœื™ื ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื (ืžื•ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืืจื™ ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื›-12  ืฉื ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช). ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช. ืชืคืขื•ืœ ืžืœื•ื ืื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช- ืชืงืœื” ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื "ืžืฆื‘ ื—ื™ืจื•ื" ื‘ืžืœื•ืŸ. ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžื™ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ื ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื›ื•ืœื”, ืœืœื ืชืงืœื•ืช. 

 ื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘"ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื" ื”ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืจืฉืช "ืื "ื" ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ, ื‘ืจืืฉื” ืื›ืกื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืจื—ื” ืขื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื™, ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืžืจื•ื›ื– ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ืกืคืง ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ 325 ืงื™ืœื•ื•ืื˜, 4 ื“ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื ืคื— ืฉืœ 3,000 ืœื™ื˜ืจ ื›"ื ื•-2 ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ื ื‘ื”ืกืคืง ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ 72 ืงื™ืœื•ื•ืื˜ ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ืงืจื”, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ื“ื ืกืœื•ืœืืจื™ ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™. ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ

ืจืฉืช ืืœื•"ื˜ – ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืœื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืกื ื˜ืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื "ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืขื•ืคืจื™ื" ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ. ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืกืคืงืช 1,800 ืœื™ื˜ืจ ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” 60 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื•ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ืช  (ื–ื•ื’ ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ื) ื”ืžื—ืœื™ืคื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื•ืœืจ ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื–ื”ืžืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.                 

ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจื˜- ืžื‘ื ื” ืื’ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘"ืฉ, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘"ืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืœืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœ"ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื“ื•ื" ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืืจ-ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืชืงื™ื ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื•ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื•ื ื”ืžื™ื ืœืžืงืœื—ื•ืช ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืžืกืคืงืช 1,500 ืœื™ื˜ืจ ื”ืžื—ื•ืžืžื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช 7 ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ืกืคืง ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ 76 ืงื™ืœื•ื•ืื˜ ื•ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื’ ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ื ื‘ื”ืกืคืง ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ 36 ืงื™ืœื•ื•ืื˜. ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื•ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืข"ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืงืจื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื•ื“ื ืกืœื•ืœืืจื™ ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™


ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืœืจ ืื• ื’ื– ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืืš ื›ื™ื•ื ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื“ื™ ื‘ืชื™ื, ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ื” ืžืฆืจื™ืš. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืขืœื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ืœืงื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื”ื™ืœืช ื“ืœืงื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืœืจ ื”ืžืกื•ืคืง. ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืœื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช.

 

ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืžืงื•ืจื˜ืง ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืœื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืืกืคืงืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืœื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืฆื“ ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืคืขื•ืœื™ืช, ื‘ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช. ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ืกื•ืœืจ ืื• ื’ื– ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืืคืฉืจ ื”ืคื—ืชื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื–ื”ื. ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ืžืจื” ืžืกื•ืœืจ ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช (ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ืฉืžืฉ) ื‘ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžื™ื, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืกืงื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“, ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืžืงื•ืจื˜ืง ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื’ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืžืจื” ืžื’ื– ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช (ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ืฉืžืฉ) ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืœื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช.

ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกื‘ื” ืžืกื•ืœืจ ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืžื”ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื›ืš ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื”ื™ืขื™ืœ, ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ื•ื”ื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืกืคื™ ืฉืœ ืขื“ 80%. ื”ื”ืกื‘ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืืชืจ – ืงืจื™ ืฆื ืจืช ืืกืคืงืช ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ื ื™ื, ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืื’ื™ืจื” ื•ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื’ื’ ื”ืžื‘ื ื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืืช ืชื ื•ืจ ื”ืกื•ืœืจ ืื• ื”ื’ื– ื›ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™. ื”ืกื‘ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกืงื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ืœืจ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื•ืจืš ืœืจื•ื‘ 48 ืฉืขื•ืช. ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ืš 3 ืฉื ื™ื ืชื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื”.

ืœืžื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื”?


ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืœืฆื•ืช (ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช) ื”ื ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืช, ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ื’ื ืœื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžื›ืœื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ืกื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื‘, ืจืคืชื•ืช, ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืงืœื—ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ื“', ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืื• ืœืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆื•ื‘ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ื‘ืชื™ ืื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืœื•ื ืื•ืช. ืœืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช. ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ืืžืงื•ืจื˜ืง ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืข"ื™ ืชื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื›ืกืฃ ืข"ื™ ื”ืงืžืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžื™ื. ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืชืงื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื’ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช.

(ื›ืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกืคืง ืฉืœ 10.8 ืงื™ืœื•ื•ืื˜ ืœื™ื•ื) ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื”ืชืงื ื” ืฉืœ 35% ืคื—ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช, ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื‘ืชื™ ืžืœื•ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืžืงื•ืจื˜ืง ืชืœื•ื•ื” ืืชื›ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืžืขื ื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืœืžืชืŸ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื”.

ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืชืงื ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ:

ืžืœื•ืŸ ืคืœืื–ื” ื‘ื ืฆืจืช ืขืœื™ืช

ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”, ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื ื”ื ื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”. ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ 184 ื—ื“ืจื™ื, ื—ื“ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ, ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืžื—ื•ืžืžืช ื•ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืจืฆืคื” ืฉืœื• (ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžื“ืฉืื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ) ื›- 5,500 ืž"ืจ. ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืชืคืขื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืžืชืงื ื™ื•. ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืชื ื•ืจื™ ื’ื–.

ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขืœืชื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืกื“ืจ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื ื”ืœืช ืจืฉืช ืคืœืื–ื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฉื•ืจืจืช ืžืžื™ืœื ืงืจื™ื ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืจืฉืช, ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ืžื™ืช    ืฉื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืชื‘ืจืš ื‘ื• ืžืžื™ืœื. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื– ืœื—ื™ืžื•ื ื”ืžื™ื, ืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืกื ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”  ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ, ืœืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื•ืœื—ื™ืžื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื”. ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื›ืœื™ ื”ืื’ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 70-65 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื”ืœื’ื™ื•ื ืœื”,( ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืืœื™ื ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ื”, ื•ื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืื‘ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ (ื”ื‘ื•ืฆื”) ืฉื‘ืฆื ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื).

ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื›- 25 ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ืฉืžืฉ ืงื•ื ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื’ ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื˜ื— 65 ืž"ืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ ืžืกืคืง 10 ืงื™ืœื•ื•ืื˜. ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื ืฆื™ืœื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืื’ื™ืจืช ืžื™ื ื‘ื ืคื— ื›ื•ืœืœ 5.1 ืงื•ื‘, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืž- 2 ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ ื—ื•ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขืช ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืงืจื”. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”: ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชื™ ื‘ื’ื– ื ืืžื“ ื‘ื›- 84,109 ืงื™ืœื•ื•ืื˜ ืœืฉื ื”.

ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื—ื•ืกื›ื™ื ื›- 21 ื˜ื•ืŸ 2 coื‘ืฉื ื”. ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ื™ื ื• ื›- 3.5 ืฉื ื™ื

ืžืœื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื›ื™ื“ื™ืื” ืชืœ– ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ 314 ื—ื“ืจื™ื, ื—ื“ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ, ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืžื—ื•ืžืžืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจื˜. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื›- 48 ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ืฉืžืฉ ืงื•ื ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื’ ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื˜ื— 120 ืž"ืจ, ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืื’ื™ืจืช ืžื™ื ื‘ื ืคื— ื›ื•ืœืœ 10 ืงื•ื‘. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”: ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชื™ ื‘ื’ื– ื ืืžื“ ื‘ื›- 148,500 ืงื™ืœื•ื•ืื˜ ืœืฉื ื”.

ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื—ื•ืกื›ื™ื ื›- 37 ื˜ื•ืŸ 2 coื‘ืฉื ื”. ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ื™ื ื• ื›- 3.5 ืฉื ื™ื


ืžืœื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ 100 ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืช, ื—ื“ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื›- 36 ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ืฉืžืฉ ืงื•ื ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื’ ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื˜ื— 94 ืž"ืจ, ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืื’ื™ืจืช ืžื™ื ื‘ื ืคื— ื›ื•ืœืœ 7 ืงื•ื‘. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”: ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื—ื•ืกื›ื™ื ื›- 28 ื˜ื•ืŸ co2 ื‘ืฉื ื”. ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ื™ื ื• ื›- 2.6 ืฉื ื™ื

๏ปฟ

ืžืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืง ืกืžื•ืš ืœืกื•ืฆ'ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”

ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ 12 ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืช, ื—ื“ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื›- 6 ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ืฉืžืฉ ืงื•ื ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืžืœื•ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื˜ื— 16 ืž"ืจ, ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืื’ื™ืจืช ืžื™ื ื‘ื ืคื— ื›ื•ืœืœ 1.2 ืงื•ื‘

๏ปฟ

ื”ื•ืกื˜ืœ ืืงื™ื ืœื•ื˜ืืฆื• ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

๏ปฟืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื•ื ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื“ืจื’ื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื•ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื”ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื” ื“ื™ืจื™ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืกื˜ืœ ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื™ืขื™ืœ, ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ ื•ื ืงื™. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื•ืชืงื ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื’ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ 1,000 ืœื™ื˜ืจ ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื’ื’ ื”ืจืขืคื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืกืคืง ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ 54 ืงื™ืœื• ื•ืื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ื



ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ /ื•ืขื“ื™ ื‘ืชื™ื

ืืžืงื•ืจื˜ืง ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™

ืืžืงื•ืจื˜ืง ืžืกืคืงืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™, ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืžืงื•ืจื˜ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ื‘ืข"ืž ื”ืฉืžืช ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืืžื™ื ื•ืช, ืื™ื›ื•ืช, ืœื•ื— ื–ืžื ื™ื, ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ืขื ื”ืœืงื•ื—. ืขื ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืžืงื•ืจื˜ืง, ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ, ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ืœืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ/ื”ืœืงื•ื— ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืงื•ืจื˜ืง ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื ืžืฆื ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื ืขืฉื” ืข"ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืืžื™ืŸ, ืžื”ื™ืจ, ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืฆืžื•ื“ ืข"ื™ ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืžืงื•ืจื˜ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ื‘ืข"ืž. ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžืงื•ืจื˜ืง ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื, ืžื ื”ืœื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ืชืงื ื” ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš ืขื“ ืœืกื™ื•ืžื•.

ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืขื ืืžืงื•ืจื˜ืง ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืž:

ืืžืงื•ืจื˜ืง ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื™ ื‘ืชื™ื

ืืžืงื•ืจื˜ืง ื”ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ, ื”ืชืงื ื” ื•ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชืงืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืชื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื™ื.
ืืžืงื•ืจื˜ืง ืคื•ืขืœืช ื•ืžืงื“ืžืช ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื - ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช ื”ืžื ืฆืœืช ืืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื•ืชืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ื–ืืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืชืงื ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืงื•ืœื˜ ืฉืžืฉ ืจื’ื™ืœ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžืจื—ืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืœื’ื’ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ืฉืžืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื’ื’ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื“ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืชืงื ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืื• ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืืœื™ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื“ื•ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช ื›ื–ื•, ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื” ืฉืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ืกื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ื ืžื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื“ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืช, ืœื•ื— ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื™ื ืฉืื—ืจืื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ื˜ืžืค' ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื“ื•ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื“ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืชืงื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืกื•ื’ ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ื—ื•ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ื—ื•ื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœื”ืชืงื ื” ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื—ื•ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื”ืฆื ืจืช ื‘ื’ื’, ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ื™ื ื ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฉืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ.

ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช ืžืื•ืœืฆืช?

ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืœืฆื•ืช ื ืงืจืื•ืช ื›ืš ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ื“ื•ื—ืคื•ืช ื•ืžืืœืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืขื“ ืฉืœื”ื ื’ื ืื ื”ื™ืขื“ ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื’ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืื•ืœืฆื•ืช ืžื•ืชืงื ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืชื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉื˜ื— ื•ืžืงื•ื ืขืœ ื’ื’ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื“ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื ื”, ืื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื’ื’.

 ืื™ืš ืคื•ืขืœืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืื•ืœืฆืช?

ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื–ืจื™ืžืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืื‘ืช ื”ืกื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ื ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืœื“ื•ื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืกื—ืจื•ืจ ืžืชื—ืžื ื”ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืชืงื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื”ื“ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื˜ืจืžื•ืกื™ืคื•ื ื™ืช.

ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืื•ืœืฆืช?

ื™ืชืจื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืื•ืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืื‘ื ื™ืช, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ืขืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ื”, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืชืงื ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื’ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœืžืจืื” ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื ืœืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื”.

ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืžืงื•ืจื˜ืง ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ, ื”ืชืงื ื”, ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืื—ื–ืงื” ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื.